![]() Then, faraid is another Islamic inheritance distribution method to legal heirs after the death of a Muslim based on the Islamic law. To date, only four states have special enactment related to wasiyyah which are Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka and Kelantan. Meanwhile, wasiyyah is made during the lifetime of testators and the distribution of the estate to beneficiaries becomes effective only after their death. From the legal perspective, there are no special laws or acts which are related to hibah in Malaysia. Hibah is a voluntary gift giving of one or several subject matters to recipient(s) by owners of wealth during their lifetime without any consideration or return. This study indicates that hibah giving is the first instrument in the estate planning components, followed by wasiyyah and faraid. This research employs library research which refers to primary sources such as Al-Quran, Hadis and relevant enactments or acts, and secondary sources such as published journals, articles and proceedings related to hibah, wasiyyah and faraid. Due to the important implications that this has for our approaches it is essential to define each one clearly and to undertake an explicit comparative analysis between them within an archaeological framework.This research explains Islamic estate planning and management for Muslim particularly in Malaysia. However, the main body of the paper is concerned with the presentation of the different philosophical schools of taxonomy: phenetics, cladistics and evolutionary taxonomy. ![]() ![]() The main aim of this paper is to introduce researchers in social sciences, especially archaeologists, to the fundamental theory underlying all of the taxonomical reconstructions and classifications, as well as to present the historiography and methodological development of this research area. Although taxonomy has been applied to anthropology and archaeology for a long time, most of the methodological achievements have taken place in evolutionary biology. Its use can be extended to all areas of knowledge of historical nature in which variation and diversity are constantly produced through time and space. Taxonomy works forming groups of specimens or of any kind of object on the basis of a particular series of criteria. ![]()
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